Maybe another data point to consider is the Israeli technology markets and their level of innovation. He is a highly-educated population, that has expertise in various areas of technology, and considerable need to solve economic and cultural challenges. Put they haven't been nearly as successful as their American counterparts in creating sustainable new businesses. One proposed reason for this is their "failure is not an option" mentality in the Israeli culture. I bring this up not as a way to highlight American success, but to highlight another culture that punishes (or discourages) failure, similar to what has been discussed in the past with China.
The US still has challenges to overcome in their education systems to remain competitive in the global economy, and we should not rest on our past success. But I believe innovation and the culture we have that encourages success, failure and resulting innovation is the strength that we need to enhance. The foundation still needs to be there via math and science and creative thinking, but the culture also needs to be encouraged. It is the strength that we have which gives us the ability to overcome the population numbers that are in India and China's favor (at least in some aspects).